سؤال قراءة ستيب محلول — الإشارة والمرجعية (تدريب 4336)

(1) A matryoshka doll refers to a set of dolls of decreasing word size placed one inside the other, The word a diminutive form of the Russian female first name 3 "atryoshka", "Matryona". The first doll set in Russia was carved in1890 by VasilyZvyozdochkin from a design by Sergey Malyutin, who was a folk crafts painter. Traditionally the outer layer is a woman, dressed in a sarafan, a long traditional Russian dress. (2) A set of matryoshkas consists of a wooden figure which separates, top from bottom, to reveal a smaller figure of the same sort inside, which has, in turn, another figure inside of it, and so on. The number of nested figures is traditionally not less than five, but can be much more, up to several dozen with sufficiently fine craftsmanship. Modern dolls often yield an odd number of figures but this is not an absolute rule; the fine craftsmanship. Modern dolls often yield an odd number of figures but this is not an absolute rule; the original set, for instance, had an even number. The form is approximately cylindrical, with a rounded to be for the head, tapering toward the bottom. (3) It is believed Zvyozdochkin and Malyutin were inspired as no protruding features by a doll from Honshu, the main island of Japan. Sources differ in their descriptions, describing either a round, hollow doll or a nesting doll, portraying a bald old Buddhist monk. (4) Zvyozdochkin's creations were first presented at the Exposition Universal in the year 1900 in Paris, where the toy earned a bronze medal. Soon after, matryoshka dolls were being made in several places in Russia and shipped around the world including to Europe, Asia and America. (5) Matryoshka dolls are often designed to follow a particular theme, and during Perestroika, the leaders of the Soviet Union became a common theme of matryoshkas. In one such example, the largest, outside figure was that of Mikhail Gorbachev, followed by Leonid Brezhnev Yuri Andropov and Konstantin Chemenko almost never appear due to the short length of them of their respective terms), Nikita Khushchev, Joseph Stalin and finally the smallest, Vladimir Lenin.