سؤال قراءة ستيب محلول — فهم التفاصيل (تدريب 5064)

(1) When the personal computer was first released, it did not serve any practical need. Early computers were difficult to program and required great attention to detail. However, many personal-computer enthusiasts immediately banded together to build applications and solve problems. These computer enthusiasts were happy to share any programs they built and solutions to problems they found; this collaboration enabled them to more quickly innovate and fix problems. (2) As software began to become a business, however, this idea of sharing everything fell out of favor, at least with some. When a software program takes hundreds of man-hours to develop, it is understandable that the programmers do not want to just give it away. This led to a new business model of restrictive software licensing, which required payment for software, a model that is still dominant today. This model is sometimes referred to as closed source, as the source code is not made available to others. (3) There are many, however, who feel that software should not be restricted. Just as with those early hobbyists in the 1970s, they feel that innovation and progress can be made much more rapidly if we share what we learn. In the 1990s, with Internet access connecting more and more people together, the open source movement gained steam. Open-source software is software that makes the source code available for anyone to copy and use. For most of us, having access to the source code of a program does us little good, as we are not programmers and won’t be able to do much with it. The good news is that open-source software is also available in a compiled format that we can simply download and install. (4) The open-source software is superior to closed-source software. Because the source code is freely available, many programmers have contributed to open-source software projects, adding features and fixing bags. Many businesses are worried about open-source software precisely because the code is available for anyone to sec. They feel that this increases the risk of an attack. Others counter that this openness actually decreases the risk because the code is exposed to thousands of programmers who can incorporate code changes to quickly patch vulnerabilities. Firefox and Apache are two examples of open-source software. (5) There are many arguments on both sides of the aisle for the benefits of the two models. Some benefits of the open-source model are: • The software is available for free. • The software source-code is available; it can be examined and reviewed before it is installed. • The large community of programmers who work on open-source projects leads to quick bug fixing and feature additions. Some benefits of the closed-source model are: • By providing financial incentive for software development, some of the brightest minds have chosen software development as a career. • Technical support from the company that developed the software.