سؤال قراءة ستيب محلول — فهم التفاصيل (تدريب 5309)

(1) A wiki is a Web site anyone can edit directly within a Web browser (provided the site grants the user edit access). Wikis derive their name from the Hawaiian word for «quick». Ward Cunningham, the «wiki father» named this new class of software with the title in honor of the wiki-wiki shuttle bus at the Honolulu airport. Wikis can indeed be one of the speediest ways to collaboratively create content online. Many popular online wikis serve as a shared knowledge repository in some domains. (2) The largest and most popular wiki is Wikipedia, but there are hundreds of publicly accessible wikis that anyone can participate in. Each attempt to record a world of knowledge within a particular ___. But wikis can be used for any collaborative effort – from meeting planning to project management. And in addition to the hundreds of public wikis, there are many thousand more that are hidden away behind firewalls, used as trademarked internal tools for organizational collaboration. (3) Like blogs, the value of a wiki derives from both technical and social features. The technology makes it easy to create, edit, and refine content; learn when content has been changed, how and by whom; and to change content back to a prior state. But it is the social motivations of individuals (to make a contribution, to share knowledge) that allow these features to be harnessed. The larger and more active a wiki community, the more likely it is that content will be up to-date and that errors will be quickly corrected. Several studies have shown that large community wiki entries are as or more accurate than professional publication counterparts. (4) Went to add to or edit a wiki entry? On most sites you just click the «Edit» link. Wikis support what you see is what you get editing that, while not as robust as traditional word processors, is still easy enough for most users to grasp without training or knowledge of obscure code or markup language. Users can make changes to existing content and can easily create new pages or articles and link them to other pages in the wiki. Wikis also provide a version history. Click the «History» link on Wikipedia, for example, and you can see when edits were made and by whom. This feature allows the community to roll back a wiki to a prior page, in the event that someone accidentally deletes key information, or intentionally ruins a page. (5) Vandalism is a problem on Wikipedia, but it's more of a nuisance than a crisis. A Wired article chronicled how Wikipedia's entry for former U.S. President Jimmy Carter was regularly replaced by a photo of a scruffy woman. random unshaven man. Nasty and inappropriate. to be sure, but the Wikipedia editorial community is now so large and so vigilant that most vandalism is caught and corrected within seconds. Watch-lists for the most active targets (say the web pages of political figures or controversial topics) tip off the community when changes are made. (6) Wikis are available both as software (commercial as well as open-source varieties) that firms can install on their own computers or as online services (both subscription or ad-supported) where content is hosted off-site by third parties. Since wikis can be started without the oversight or involvement of a firm's IT department, their appearance in organizations often comes from grassroots user initiative. Many wiki services offer additional tools such as blogs, message boards, or spreadsheets as part of their feature set. making most wikis really more full-featured platforms for social computing. Examples of Wiki Use (7) Wikis can be vital tools for collecting and leveraging knowledge that would otherwise be scattered throughout an organization: reducing geographic distance and removing boundaries between functional areas. Companies have used wikis in a number of ways: • At Pixar, all product meetings have an associated wiki to improve productivity. The online agenda ensures that all attendees can arrive knowing the topics and issues to be covered. Anyone attending training for new hires. Six months after launch, wiki use had surpassed activity on the firm's established internet Wikis are also credited with helping to reduce Dresdner e-mail traffic by 75 percent. • Sony's PlayStation team uses wikis to regularly maintain one-page overviews on the status of various projects. In this way, legal, marketing, and finance staff can get quick, up-to-date status reports on relevant projects, including the latest projected deadlines, action items, and benchmark progress. Strong security measures are enforced that limit access to only those who must be in the know, since the overviews often discuss products that have not been released. • ABC and CBS have created public wikis for the television programs Lost, The Amazing Race, and CSI, among others, offering an outlet for fans, and a way for new viewers to catch up on character backgrounds and complex plot lines. • Executive Travel, owned by American Express Publishing, has created a travel wiki for its more than one hundred and thirty thousand readers with the goal of creating what it refers to as «a digital mosaic that in theory is more authoritative, comprehensive, and useful» than comments on a Web site and far more up-to-date than any paper-based travel guide.