سؤال قراءة ستيب محلول — فهم التفاصيل (تدريب 5468)

(1) Take a moment and imagine you are traveling in a country you have never been to before. Everything about the sights, the smells, the sounds seem strange. People are speaking a language you do not understand and wearing clothes unlike yours. But they greet you with a smile and you sense that, despite the differences you observe, deep down inside these people have the same feelings as you. But is this true? Do people from opposite ends of the world really feel the same emotions? While most scholars agree that members of different cultures may vary in the foods they eat, the languages they speak, and the holidays they celebrate, there is disagreement about how much culture shapes people’s emotions and feelings including what people feel, what they express, and what they do during an emotional event. (2) Social scientists tend to fall into either one of two camps. The Universalist camp claims that, despite cultural differences in customs and traditions, at a fundamental level all humans feel similarly. These universalists believed that emotions developed as a response to the environments of our ancestors, so they are the same across all cultures. Indeed, people often describe their emotions as “automatic,” “natural,” “physiological,” and “instinctual,” supporting the view that emotions are hard-wired and universal. (3) The social constructivist camp, however, claimed that despite a common heritage, different groups of humans developed to adapt to their different environments. And because human environments are so different, people’s emotions are also different in different cultures. For instance, Lutz (1988) argued that many Western views of emotion assume that emotions are about the individual and how she or he feels. However, people from Ifaluk (a small island in the Pacific Ocean) view emotions as “exchanges between individuals”. Social constructivists claim that because people are completely immersed in their own culture, they are often unaware of how their feelings are shaped by it. Therefore, emotions can feel automatic, natural, physiological, and instinctual, and yet still be shaped by culture.