سؤال قراءة ستيب محلول — فهم التفاصيل (تدريب 5524)

(1) Our written, recorded, and broadcast world is surrounded by warnings about copyright. If you look in the opening pages of most books, you will find a warning like this: "All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced by any means, graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or by any information storage retrieval system without the written permission of the publisher except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews". (2) Even more familiar is the FBI warning at the start of most DVDs viewed by Americans today: "All rights reserved. These DVDs are authorized for sale or rent only in the country where originally sold (i. e., only in the U.S. or only in Canada, respectively). Unauthorized reproduction, distribution, or exhibition violates federal laws with severe penalties and violates Pictures Home Entertainment’s standard terms of trade" (3) These statements inform the viewer that they must respect "all rights", may not use or reproduce the contents, or endure "severe penalties". Just what are the "All rights" that are "reserved"? Can you reserve just any rights? Do you have any rights? (4) Copyright is a right given to authors and inventors in the Constitution. It is "the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries". (Article 1, Section 8 Constitutional Convention, 1790). The "exclusive right" means that the author, and the author alone, has the right to publish and distribute his work. The same clause includes inventors and their inventions. Many authors will authorize a publisher to print and distribute their work. To do this they must transfer their rights to reproduce and to distribute to the publisher, normally for a limited period of time. Likewise, an inventor patents her work, then sells patent rights to industries ready to use it. (5) Since 1790, in different acts of Congress, music, photography, movies, computer software, graphic arts, and boat hull designs have all been granted copyright protection. Both legislation and court cases have led to the development of several "doctrines", or common practices, about copyright. (6) A "fixed medium" is anything that can be returned to at a later time, which will display the same information or illustration as before. Paper, computer storage, stone or clay, paints, and a computerized piano keyboard’s recording system all are considered fixed mediums. No registration or special symbols are needed to gain copyright; it is present as soon as the somewhat original work is created. (7) The copyright owner has six basic rights: to make copies, to distribute those copies; to make derivative works; to perform or display the work in public; and to perform the work by means of a "digital audio transmission." Any of these rights can be licensed to another person or a company such as a publisher. (8) Making copies refers to making any type of copy: a photocopy, a photograph, a hand-drawn copy that is indistinguishable or close to it; and computer copies of me any sort. These actions count as infringement even if it can be shown that no one has viewed the work.