سؤال قراءة ستيب محلول — الإشارة والمرجعية (تدريب 5549)

(1) It is necessary to address the question of whether the development of digital technologies has actually changed the nature of knowledge, because if that is the case, then this will strongly influence what needs to be taught as well as how it will be taught. (2) Connectivists such as Siemens and Downes argue that the internet has changed the nature of knowledge. They argue that 'important' or 'valid' knowledge now is different from prior forms of knowledge, particularly academic knowledge. Downes (2007) has argued that new technologies allow for the deinstitutionalization of learning. Chris Anderson, the editor of Wired Magazine and now CEO of TED Talks, has argued (2008) that massive meta-data correlations can replace 'traditional scientific approaches to creating new knowledge. (3) Back in the 1960s Marshall McLuhan (1964) argued that the medium is the message: the way information is represented and transmitted is changed and so is our focus and understanding as information moves between and within different media. (4) One way knowledge is certainly changing is in the way it is represented. Socrates criticized writing because it could not lead to 'true' knowledge which came only from verbal dialogue and oratory. Writing however is important because it provides a permanent record of knowledge. The printing press was important because it enabled the written word to spread to many more people. As a consequence, scholars could challenge and better interpret, through reflection, what others had written and more accurately and carefully argue their own positions.