سؤال قراءة ستيب محلول — الاستنتاج (تدريب 5642)

Passage A: Keeping Time in the Paleolithic Era (1) How would have a Paleolithic forager living 100,000 years ago kept track of time? We have little direct evidence about Paleolithic time-tracking. However, we can study modern foraging societies for hints. In a foraging society. the rhythms of the natural world are critical. You need a pretty good sense of the changing seasons and of the schedule That other species keep. then you can decide when to move to a new campground, what plants to collect, and what animals to hunt. Modern foragers sense such changes with a precision no modern city dweller can match (2) Keeping track of the time of day and the time of year was not difficult in early societies ancient people typically spent most of their time outdoors. They could find out all they needed to know by the positions of the sun and the stars. And aligning your activities with those of your family and friends was much less complicated than it is today. Back then, people lived in small groups and met face to face. (3) Meetings with other communities often happened based on the season. There was no need for precise scheduling. If a group normally met with a neighboring tribe when the reader returned it didn’t really matter if their schedules were a few days, off. Foraging Societies were much more forgiving about appointments than we are. (4) So, no special instruments were required for timekeeping. But there are clues that even Paleolithic forms didn’t rely entirely on their memories and their senses to keep track of time. Passage B: Keeping Time in Agrarian societies (1) Agrarian societies began to appear 11.000 years ago. As they exploded, they linked up with their neighbors. Now they needed more ratable methods of keeping time. If you wanted to sell some vegetables in a country town or warship at a nevtry temple you had to know exactly when the markets and religious rights were held- and you needed to know in advance. Now you needed calendars that everyone agreed on and shared. If your village depended on irrigation, everyone needed to know exactly when the irrigation gates would be opened. (2) Similarly, seeds were planted at particular times. the harvest was also collected according to seasonal calendars. These early calendars were based on Earth’s orbit around the sun and associated climate patterns. (3) This is why new devices began to appear that could track time more precisely. one method of timekeeping was to watch the sun’s shadow using sundials.