سؤال قراءة ستيب محلول — الاستنتاج (تدريب 6297)

Passage A: Aristocratic leadership: (1) This is also sometimes termed authoritarian leadership. It refers to a leadership or management style which assumes that information and decision making are best kept at the top of the organization. It is also characterized by: • One-way communication (down ward). • Minimal delegation or decentralization. • Close supervision of employees. (2) Martha Stewart, An American enter renew, build up a vast global business venture, including publishing, television broad casting and online commerce, despite, or perhaps of her reputation as an autocratic leader, unlike this style, the leader determines objectives, allocate tasks and expects obedience from subordinates. In these circumstances employees become very dependent upon the leader as they do not have the necessary information (or confidence) to act on their own initiative. (3) Organization managed in an authoritarian style can face difficulties. People avoid making decisions so that matters to be decided are either passed up for the decisions to be made at a higher level, or decision are made by committees as it is more difficult to dismiss all the members of a committee for jointly making a wrong decision senior management tends to be overworked and stud turnover tends to be high. This style of leadership becomes difficult to operate successfully as an organization grows. (4) As with all the behavior leadership classifications the term autocratic manager covers a spectrum styles. Extreme autocratic management with result in subordinated having no freedom of action. More evident autocratic leadership will allow for possibility of some discussion or persuasion. This implies that limited two-way communication may occur. Passage B: Democratic leadership (1) Democratic leadership (sometimes called participative leadership entails operating a business according to decisions agreed by the majority decision may be agreed formally through a voting system but are more likely to the result of informal discussions. Typically, democratic leadership encourages some of the following. Ship encourages some of the following: • The leader delegates a great deal and encourages decentralization. • The leader and subordinator discuss issues and employee participation actively encouraged. • The leader acts upon advice, and explains the reasons for decisions. • Subordinates have greater control over their own working lives (2) The successful operation of this style requires excellent communication skills on the part of the leader and the ability to generate effective two-way communications. A considerable amount of management time may be spent on communication in one form or another. This approach helps to develop the skills of subordinates and generally results in a more satisfied work form. What can we understand from passages A and B about leadership?