سؤال قراءة ستيب محلول — فهم التفاصيل (تدريب 6739)

(1) while the Internet has developed into a pivotal tool in world communications, Saudi Arabia was quite late in connecting it to the public, compared with developed or even other developing countries (Al-Hajery 2004). The delay in lunching the Internet in Saudi Arabia came from the government’s concerns and reservations about the effects of such a new service on their conservative culture. In Saudi Arabia, academic institutions were the first sectors to the use Internet before it was available to the public. (2) According to Al-Tawil (2001), “ King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM) in Dhahran was the first educational institution to connect the Internet in 1993 through its satellite station at the college of Computer Sciences and Engineering ” (p.2). However, due to the law speed of the connection, only email was provided to KFUPM. Later, King Abdulaziz City for science and Technology (KACST), an independent scientific organization administratively reporting to KFUPM using a 64-kbps channel from the King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center (KSHRC). In 1995, KACST started to try to get more universities in Saudi Arabia connected to the Internet through the KSHRC. The KSHRC was, itself, already connected to the Internet through its own satellite station (Al-Hajery 2004). King Saud University (KSU) in Riyadh and King Abdulaziz University (KAU) in Jeddah were among the first to join and have the Internet available to their academics. (3) In March 1997, the Council of Ministers officially issued Decree Number 163. This gave the responsibility of introducing Internet service, in terms of organization and operation within Saudi Arabia, to KACST. Qualifications for Internet Services Providers (ISPs) were announced by KACST in December 1998, and KACST cooperatively worked with the Saudi telecommunication infrastructure in the country. It provides the linkage between customers and ISPs, between ISPs and the KACST network” (MOCIT,2003, p.8). (4) KACST established an Internet Service Unit (ISU) with responsibility of making the service available to the public, while, at the same time, protecting the values and Islamic beliefs of the Saudi society (Al-Tawil 2001). KACST is directly responsible for filtering information provided by different sites on the Internet before passing them to users within the country. KACST also “manages and operates the international lines through which the national Internet network is connected to the international network; it supervises the Internet gateway and blocks undesirable sites” (MOCIT, 2003, P. 8). (5) The service provider functioned as a Saudi exchange point, worked to raise public awareness of the Internet, formulated rules and regulations to govern the use of the Internet in the Saudi Arabian community, and operated the Saudi domain name system (6) Early on from 1998, STC was the only Internet service provider in Saudi Arabia. But in May 2005, Mobily, a new telecommunications company, launched the Saudi Arabian mobile market. Three years later, August 2008, Zain joined the Saudi Arabian mobile market as another ISP, introducing 4G LTE (Long Term Evolution) services. Also in 2008, Saudi Telecom started the 3G deployment process, promising reliability, and speed, as well as better digital communication services (Chanchary and Islam 2011). (7) Although, the Internet was only made available to the public in 1999, Saudi Arabia has grown greatly in this area, especially in terms of connectivity. There has been a notable increase in the number of Internet users in Saudi Arabia. For instance, the total number of Internet subscribers in Saudi Arabia increased dramatically from 100,000 Internet users in 1999 to one million Internet users in 2001. At the end of 2013, that number reached 16.5 million Internet users, representing 55.1 % of the country’s total population (CITC, 2014; MOCIT, 2003). Alebaikan and Troudi (2010) stated that “it is estimated that Internet use will continue growing rapidly in Saudi Arabia, which raises an issue of providing new learning strategies that include use of technology” (p. 51). It is predicted that over 30 million people, about 90% of the population will be Internet users before 2020 and that will approach 100% in 2030. (8) All universities, colleges and other educational institutions in Saudi Arabia have free Internet access. Faculty, for example, use email and develop classroom home pages that provide information about classes, course content, general instructions, exercises, assignments, examples, useful links, and literature references to facilitate the teaching process. The Internet also motivates students to get immediate access to information, find convenient references, and study independently. Lastly, numerous hospitals in Saudi Arabia as well as banks and corporations are offering more of their services online. How many Internet users were there in Saudi Arabia in 1999 and 2013?