سؤال قراءة ستيب محلول — المفردات في السياق (تدريب 7101)

(1) B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) was a college English major and an aspiring writer who, seeking a new direction, entered graduate school in psychology. He went on to become modern behaviorism’s most influential and controversial figure. Skinner’s work elaborated a simple fact of life that turn-of-the-century psychologist Edward Thorndike called the “Low of Effect”: Rewarded behavior is likely to recur. Using Thorndike’s law of effect as a starting point, Skinner developed a behavioral technology that enabled him to teach pigeons such unpigeonlike behaviors as walking in a figure 8, playing ping pong, and keeping a missile on course by pecking at a target on a screen. (2) For his pioneering studies with rats, Skinner designed the now famous Skinner box. The box is typically a soundproof chamber with a car or a key that an animal presses or pecks to release a food or water reward, and with a device that records these responses. The word elaborated in Paragraph (1) is closest in meaning to………