سؤال قراءة ستيب محلول — فهم التفاصيل (تدريب 7349)

(1) Madagascar is an island country located off the south eastern coast of Africa. The island is the fourth largest in the world. Only Greenland, New Guinea, and Borneo are larger. Madagascar is known as the Great Red Island for its rich, red soil. Its capital is Antananarivo. (2) Madagascar lies in the western India Ocean. The Mozambique Channel separates the island from the African coast. The central part of Madagascar is a plateau, or high, flat land. Mountains rise above the plateau in some places. Maromokotro Peak in the north is the island’s highest point. It rises 9,436 feet (2,876 meters). A narrow plain runs along the east coast. Low plateaus and plains cover the west. Rivers are short and fast flowing in the east and longer in the west. The east coast has a hot, humid tropical climate. The central plateau is cooler. The southwest is dry. (3)Grasses cover most of the island. Some tropical forests and mangrove swamps survive on the coasts. Hundreds of different kinds of orchid also grow in Madagascar. Madagascar has many types of animals that live almost nowhere else in the world. Two examples are lemurs and fossas. Lemurs are monkeylike animals that live in trees. Fossas are catlike mammals that hunt birds and lemurs. Many butterflies, chameleons, and crocodiles also live in the country. (4) Madagascar’s people are known as the Malagasy. The Malagasy are more closely related to Indonesians than to Africans, even though the country is closer to Africa than to Indonesia. The Malagasy are divided into about 20 groups. The Merina make up the largest group. The country also has small groups of people from Africa, Asia, France, and the nearby island country of Comoros. Many people of Madagascar speak both the Malagasy and French languages. About half of the people are Christian, and most of the rest follow traditional Malagasy religions. Fewer than one-third of the people live in cities. Almost all the major cities and towns are in the east. (5) Madagascar is a poor country. Most of the people live by growing crops and by raising humped cattle called zebu. Rice is the main food crop. Farmers grow vanilla and cloves to sell to other countries. Vanilla from Madagascar is thought to be the best in the world. Madagascar also produces coffee, sugar, and shrimp. Madagascar’s small industries make mainly cloth, clothing, cement, soap, beer, and cigarettes. Mines provide cobalt, chromite, graphite, gold, and gems. Cobalt is the main product. The country’s share of world cobalt sales was nearly 4% in 1980. (6)People first came to Madagascar from Indonesia more than 1,100 years ago. Arab sailors arrived on the island in AD 1000. The Portuguese first came to Madagascar in 1500, and the French arrived and set up small towns so they could trade in the 1600s. The Malagasy Merina kingdom controlled much of the island in the early 1800s. The French defeated the Merina in 1895. France then ruled the island as a colony. The island became the independent Malagasy Republic in 1960. In the 1970s, the country’s army took power. The country took the name Madagascar in 1975. In 1992, Madagascar held free elections for the first time in 17 years. The new government is working to improve the economy. What is the main food crop in Madagascar?