سؤال قراءة ستيب محلول — فهم التفاصيل (تدريب 7935)

1) Another deadly heat wave has arrived in Europe this week. Record temperatures went over 378 degrees Celsius (100 degrees Fahrenheit) in parts of France, (Germany, Poland and Spain, with hotter days to come. The same thing happened in 2018 when record-breaking heat was responsible for 700 deaths in Sweden and more than 250 in Denmark, countries that have never needed air conditioning before this new era of extreme climate change events. 2) Europe's five hottest summers in the past 500 years have all occurred in the last 15 years, not including this summer. All have been deadly. The 2003 heat wave was the worst, having led to the deaths of over 70.000 people; in 2010, 56,000 people died in Russia alone. 3) These extreme heat events are all connected to a slower jet stream that locks weather systems into place. Studies have linked the slowdown in the jet stream-the band of high-altitude winds that sweep around the globe from west to east to last summer's unprecedented droughts, heat waves, wildfires, and flooding events across the entire Northern Hemisphere. This is also likely to be behind India's weak monsoon rains and the widespread flooding in certain areas of the U.S. this year. 4) The loss of sea ice in the Arctic is increasing temperatures in the northern regions of our planet, and that is disrupting the natural jet stream patterns. Jet stream winds are driven by the temperature difference between the icy air of the arctic and hot air from the tropics. A rapidly warming arctic-this past winter it saw its lowest ever ice cover-reduces that temperature difference and slows the jet stream. 5) Like a slow-moving river, a slower jet stream forms deep curves and turns, which can slow down during the summer. sometimes for weeks. Weather patterns are also delayed with them, whether they are heat waves or expected rains. 6) Temperatures in Europe are nowhere near as hot as India's current month-long heat wave, where temperatures on the Asian subcontinent reached 51°C (123° F). Most Europeans, particularly in the north. are unused to anything over 29°C (85° F). Air conditioning also remains rare in Europe. It is found in less than five percent of homes in France. For example, and less than two percent of German homes. As a result, the struggles of temperatures reaching 40°C in June will seriously test the abilities of Europeans to deal with the hotter years ahead. 7) The number of heat wave days in European cities are nearly double those of the surrounding suburban and rural landscape because of the urban heat island effect. Concrete and asphalt absorb heat during the day and release it at night, which keeps urban areas hotter. Without major cuts in carbon emissions, which are released into the air when we burn fossil fuels, scientists argue that the number of heat wave days in cities are likely to increase 10 times by the end of this country. 8) European governments and citizens are debating what to do about the increasing heat. Some would argue that people should just buy air conditioners to keep their homes cool. However, air conditioning increases energy use, which will in turn increase carbon emissions across European countries. Both governments and citizens are wary of increasing carbon emissions because it would lock them in a cycle that would increase the negative effects of climate change. Now these European countries face a dilemma. Although the majority of citizens in Europe want more government action to reduce carbon emissions, as the temperatures continue to increase, the demand for air conditioning units will also continue to rise. 9) Europe learned valuable lessons from the 2003 heat wave, which killed more than 70.000 people across the continent. Governments have taken several actions to ensure that death tolls would be more limited during this heat wave. For example, Paris, which experienced many deaths in 2003, is much better prepared this time around. Government officials have emergency services in place and there has been a strong campaign to raise awareness of the dangers of the heat wave around the city. Some schools in France have also closed since most of them do not have air conditioners. The local governments have also set up cooling areas and temporary water fountains in busy city areas. 10) Paris has relatively little green space and has been working for years on how to "green up" and introduce more plants in order to counter the heat held by stone and concrete. Paris officials also plan to keep 13 large parks open all night during the anticipated heat wave because the temperature there would be one or two degrees lower than in the rest of the city. There are also plans to keep public swimming pools open later to encourage people to swim at night in order to cool down from the heat. In Paris, older cars have also banned from use city to reduce the city's air pollution. Which increases during a heat wave.