سؤال قراءة ستيب محلول — فهم التفاصيل (تدريب 7945)

Passage A: Human Anatomy 1) Human Anatomy is the scientific study of the body's structures. It is significant so we know how the structure or organs are supposed to work correctly. Some of those structures are very small and can only be observed and analyzed with this assistance of a microscope. Other larger structures can readily be seen manipulated, measured, and weighed the word "anatomy" comes from a Greek root cut means "to cut apart." Human anatomy was first studied by observing the exterior of the body and observing the wounds of soldiers and other injuries. Later, physicians were allowed to dissect, or cut open. bodies of the dead to increase their knowledge. 2) When a body is dissected, its structures are cut apart in order to observe their physical attributes and their relationships to one another. Dissection is still used in medical schools, anatomy courses, and in pathology labs. In order to observe structures in living people. however, a number of imaging techniques have been developed. These techniques allow clinicians to see structures inside the living body such as a cancer or a fractured bone. 3) Like most scientific disciplines, anatomy has areas of specialization. Gross anatomy is the study of die larger structures of the body, those visible without the aid of magnification. Macro- means "large, thus: gross anatomy is also referred to as macroscopic anatomy. In contrast, micro- means "small" and microscopic anatomy is the study of structures that can be observed only with the use of a microscope or other magnification devices. Passage B: Human Physiology 1) Whereas anatomy is about structure, physiology is about function. Human physiology is the scientific study of the chemistry and physics of the structures of the body and the ways in which they work together to support the functions of life. It began in France over 200 years ago with a scientist named Claude Bernard. Much of the study of physiology centers on the body's tendency toward homeostasis. Homeostasis is the state of steady internal conditions maintained by living things. The study of physiology certainly includes observation, both with the naked eye and with microscopes, as well as manipulations and measurements. However, current advances in physiology usually depend on carefully designed laboratory experiments that reveal the functions of the many structures and chemical compounds that make up the human body and establish the foundation upon which we build our knowledge of how to treat disease. 2) Like anatomists, physiologists typically specialize in a particular branch of physiology. For example, neurophysiology is the study of tic brain, spinal cord. And nerves and how this work together to perform functions as complex and diverse as vision, movement, and thinking. Physiologists may work from the organ level (exploring, for example, what different parts of the brain do) to the molecular level (such as exploring how an electrochemical signal travel along nerves). 3) Form is closely related to function in all living things. For example, the thin flap of your eyelid can snap down to clear away dust particles and almost instantaneously slide back up to allow you to see again. At the microscopic level, the arrangement and function of the nerves and muscles that serve the eyelid allow for its quick action and retreat.